“We needed convincing musculature for our characters, so we developed a procedural muscle system. We built an articulation rig comprising a base layer or “skeleton,” of rotates for major joints and a muscle layer on top of that, with the base-rotate layer automatically driving the muscle behaviour. There were even some collision objects representing bones like the ribcage to give more believable muscle shaping. These are the most complex character rigs Pixar has ever built. Now not only can the character animation get more fluid shapes, but when you add a muscle layer on top of that you get even more complexity. One time in dailies I noticed a shot of bob typing and you could see his forearm muscles moving. It made for a subtlety that drew you into the character. It was a beautiful thing to see.” Bill Wise, character team technical lead page 35
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